Physical Chemistry
Atoms and molecules, Dalton theory, mole concept, formulae, equations, stoichiometry, redox, neutralisation, displacement and concentration measures.
Physical Chemistry
Gas laws, ideal and real behaviour, kinetic theory, velocities, partial pressures, diffusion, intermolecular interactions and liquid properties.
Physical Chemistry
Bohr model, hydrogen spectrum, matter waves, uncertainty, quantum description, orbitals and electron-filling rules.
Physical Chemistry
Orbital overlap, covalent bonding, hybridisation, molecular-orbital diagrams, hydrogen bonding, polarity, VSEPR and molecular shapes.
Physical Chemistry
State functions, thermodynamic laws, energy, enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs energy, equilibrium and spontaneity.
Physical Chemistry
Mass action, Gibbs-energy significance, equilibrium constants, Le Chatelier principle, solubility, pH, buffers, acids, bases and salt hydrolysis.
Physical Chemistry
Cells, electrode potentials, Nernst equation, series, emf, electrolysis, conductance, Kohlrausch law, batteries, fuel cells and corrosion.
Physical Chemistry
Rates, order and molecularity, rate laws, zero and first-order forms, half-life, Arrhenius relation, activation energy and catalysis.
Physical Chemistry
Crystal systems, close packing, fcc, bcc and hcp lattices, neighbours, ionic radii, radius ratio and point defects.
Physical Chemistry
Henry and Raoult laws, ideal solutions, colligative properties and van't Hoff factor.
Physical Chemistry
Adsorption, Freundlich isotherm, colloids, emulsions, surfactants and micelles at the stated level.
Inorganic Chemistry
Periodic law, configurations and trends in size, ionisation, electron gain, valence, oxidation, electronegativity and reactivity.
Inorganic Chemistry
Position, occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties, hydrides, water, heavy water, hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen as fuel.
Inorganic Chemistry
Alkali and alkaline-earth reactivity, reducing behaviour, compounds, anomalies and selected sodium and calcium compounds.
Inorganic Chemistry
Groups 13 to 18, oxidation states, reactivity and specified preparations, properties, compounds and uses.
Inorganic Chemistry
Oxidation states, electrode potentials, interstitial compounds, alloys, catalysis and chromium or manganese oxoanions.
Inorganic Chemistry
Lanthanoid and actinoid contraction, oxidation states and general characteristics.
Inorganic Chemistry
Werner theory, nomenclature, isomerism, geometry, bonding, colour, magnetism, ligands, stability, applications and metal carbonyls.
Inorganic Chemistry
Ore concentration, extraction principles for specified metals, cyanide process and refining.
Inorganic Chemistry
Specified cation groups and selected anion tests.
Inorganic Chemistry
Air, water and soil pollution, industrial waste, control strategies and green chemistry.
Organic Chemistry
Bonding, hybridisation, aromaticity, isomerism, formula determination, nomenclature, electronic effects, acidity, basicity and reactive intermediates.
Organic Chemistry
Homologous series, physical properties, conformations, preparation and combustion, halogenation and oxidation.
Organic Chemistry
Physical properties, elimination preparation, hydration, metal acetylides, oxidation, reduction, electrophilic addition and polymerisation.
Organic Chemistry
Structure and electrophilic substitution, including directing effects in monosubstituted benzene.
Organic Chemistry
Physical properties, preparation, substitution, Reimer-Tiemann, Kolbe, esterification, etherification, aspirin synthesis, oxidation and reduction.
Organic Chemistry
Carbocation rearrangement, Grignard reactions and nucleophilic substitution with stereochemical aspects.
Organic Chemistry
Physical properties, esterification, dehydration, reactions with specified reagents and oxidation to carbonyl or carboxylic compounds.
Organic Chemistry
Williamson synthesis and carbon-oxygen bond cleavage.
Organic Chemistry
Preparation and oxidation, reduction, derivative formation, condensation, haloform and nucleophilic addition reactions.
Organic Chemistry
Physical properties, preparation from specified routes and reduction, halogenation and derivative formation.
Organic Chemistry
Preparation, named reactions, diazonium chemistry, tests, alkylation and acylation.
Organic Chemistry
Fittig and Wurtz-Fittig reactions and nucleophilic aromatic substitution within the stated exclusions.
Organic Chemistry
Carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids at the stated structural and reaction scope.
Organic Chemistry
Polymerisation types, selected natural and synthetic polymers, applications and biodegradable polymers.
Organic Chemistry
Drug-target ideas, therapeutic categories and examples, artificial sweeteners, soaps and detergents.
Practical Chemistry
Detection of selected elements and identification of hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino and nitro groups.